Most mobiles…

I’ve written about Ken Banks’ work with kiwanja.net from time to time.  Ken just completed a lengthy interview with the technology program Spark on CBC Radio One.  It’s a very good overview of some of the most interesting implications of the spread of mobiles in Africa. The short form touches on m-banking, microenterprises and livelihoods.  The longer form adds Ken’s comments on shared phones, low-cost handsets, and beeping/flashing/missed calls/’please call me’. 

An announcement of the latest issue of Receiver hit my inbox today — it is all about emerging markets.   It starts with a photo/traveller’s tour from Ken Banks, with more articles to come in the weeks ahead.

 ”Over the coming weeks receiverwants to give you food for thought regarding mobiles and development. Look forward to a new article each week. Next, Jared Braiterman will let you know why China has become such a hub of passionate technology usage. Further contributions will come from Jan Chipchase, David Lehr and Daniel Greenstadt, Adriana de Souza e Silva, David Frohlich and Matt Jones, John Traxler, Neil Clavin, and Toby Shapshak.” 

The Museum of the African Diaspora in San Francisco is wrapping up what seems to be a fascinating exposition, AFRICA.Dot.COM: From Drums to Digital.   (if you are in the area – rush down this week!). The exhibit

explores the changing landscape of communication and connectivity in Africa today…It begins with drums and other varied instruments and masked performances that African cultures have utilized for centuries in dynamic, multisensory forms of coded communication executed to transmit sonant salutations, local history, beliefs and social values. Today, mobile phones, computers, and information and communication technologies (ICTS) provide increasingly enhanced and altered networks and connections in African villages and cities. As with drumming, coded signals are used in cell phone text messages and computer instant messaging. Themes of technology appear on fabrics used for clothing. E-mail marketing and cyber cafes are becoming a part of everyday life in urban areas. Artists are sharing ideas across cultural borders, developing creative partnerships, and reaching audiences thousands of miles away…Africa.Dot.Com searches out these uses of technology in the art and social life of the first digital generation in Africa.

Among the pieces on display is Beepez-le! by Daniel Peltz.  It is a wonderful exploration of the beeping/flashing phenomenon, as experienced in Cameroon.  Do watch the lengthy video, touching on everything from the reappropriation of a western technology, to the implications of mediated communication with the divine.  Peltz says:

I built a simple live feed installation that used a camera, a video projector and cell phone to project God’s cell phone screen onto a wall in the city when he was beeped.  I installed it on the street next to two luan and chalk signs, similar to those I’d found in the market.  They read:

Voici en exclusivite   [here it is]
le numero de Dieu     [God’s private number]
597-20-24
Beepez-le!   [Beep him!]

Thanks so much to the reader who was familiar with the exposition in San Francisco and alerted me to it – sorry it took me so long to post this.

Over the years, I’ve been keeping an eye on the research literature about mobile use in the developing world.   I first presented a version of this review at a conference in Hong Kong in 2005.  Now, thanks to Leopoldina Fortunati’s efforts to pull together a special issue of The Information Society, the review has finally been published.  Thanks also to the editors at the Information Society, and to the reviewers who provided such valuable feedback at various stages.

There’s a lot more of the literature to cover than there was when I started this back in 2005.  And, since it is an interdisciplinary review, I’m sure to have missed some citations.  Nevertheless, it has been a great exercise for me to get a sense of what’s out there, and to become familiar with the diverse work of an amazing set of researchers along the way.

I hope some of you find this review a useful input to your own work. 

Thanks everyone! 

Donner, Jonathan. (2008). Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature.  The Information Society 24(3), 140-159.

Abstract
This paper reviews roughly 200 recent studies of mobile (cellular) phone use in the developing world, and identifies major concentrations of research. It categorizes studies along two dimensions. One dimension distinguishes studies of the determinants of mobile adoption from those that assess the impacts of mobile use, and from those focused on the interrelationships between mobile technologies and users. A secondary dimension identifies a subset of studies with a strong economic development perspective. The discussion considers the implications of the resulting review and typology for future research. 

A little while ago, Ken Banks and Kiwanja.net announced the winners of the first nGOmobile competition, designed to illustrate how grassroots use of mobile communincation (particularly SMS/text messaging) can be applied in creative and powerful ways.  You can find details on the winners in the announcement here.

Or, check out the press release

In Kenya, the Centre for Training and Integrated Research for ASAL Development
(CETRAD) will begin using SMS to work with local communities to promote the
protection and sustainable use of environmental resources.

In Uganda, NETWAS will launch an SMS-based service for rural communities allowing
them to ask a range of water-based questions on topics such as sanitation, hygiene,
water harvesting and water technologies.

In Mexico, The Equilibrium Fund will deploy a range of SMS services to help rural
Central American and Mexican communities solve problems of deforestation,
poverty, malnutrition, unemployment and the marginalisation of women.

In Azerbaijan, Digital Development will begin helping grassroots and politically
excluded people understand their human and legal rights, and to engage them
further in the political process, through their mobile phones.

Each of the winner’s models contains a plan to leverage the flexibility and interactivity of the medium in a way that extends beyond pushing bulk SMS messages to otherwise passive receivers.  The Uganda and Kenya models deepen the two-way interactions between the NGOs and their communities; in the Mexico case, the NGO will host a system that will allow small Maya Nut producers to coordinate with customers. In Azerbaijan, the messages start as get-out-and-vote reminders, but participants are encouraged to forward the messages to 5 of their friends/family, creating potentially powerful network effects.

It would be great to see updates from some of these winners as the projects go live. 

Sara Corbett just completed a lengthy piece on mobiles and economic development for the New York Times Sunday Magazine.   Its primary focus is the interesting and influential work of Jan Chipchase and his colleagues at Nokia, and it also touches on other exciting developments in the field, including Grameen Village Phone and M-Pesa to kiwanja.net, and the World Resources Institute. 
This paragraph, in particular, is a nice summary of what a lot of us are up to:

This sort of on-the-ground intelligence-gathering is central to what’s known as human-centered design, a business-world niche that has become especially important to ultracompetitive high-tech companies trying to figure out how to write software, design laptops or build cellphones that people find useful and unintimidating and will thus spend money on. Several companies, including Intel, Motorola and Microsoft, employ trained anthropologists to study potential customers, while Nokia’s researchers, including Chipchase, more often have degrees in design. Rather than sending someone like Chipchase to Vietnam or India as an emissary for the company — loaded with products and pitch lines, as a marketer might be — the idea is to reverse it, to have Chipchase, a patently good listener, act as an emissary for people like the barber or the shoe-shop owner’s wife, enlightening the company through written reports and PowerPoint presentations on how they live and what they’re likely to need from a cellphone, allowing that to inform its design.

A few years ago, the World Bank ICT Department estimated that nearly 80% of the world’s population lived under a mobile phone signal. I’m sure it is higher by now.  I also have often wondered what proportion of these people have access to mobile data (GPRS), since sometimes GPRS has been limited to cities and more prosperous areas.

I saw this on the DigAfrica listserv today — Celtel has announced that GPRS will be available nationwide on its network in Sierra Leone.  This does not mean that there is 100% coverage (by population or area) in Sierra Leone yet (see map), but it does help blur the rural/urban split, and provides a way to connect a laptop or community PC to the internet in some places where landline/dialup will not reach. 
 

MSR was one of the Platinum sponsors for ICTD2007—the 2^nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development— which wrapped up this weekend (Dec 15-16) in Bangalore.   It was a great program, and it was a treat to welcome so many researchers from around the world to Bangalore.

Veeraraghavan, R., Yasodhar, N., & Toyama, K. (2007). Warana Unwired: Mobile Phones replacing PCs in a rural sugarcane cooperative.  This is a project by some of my MSRI colleagues, in which an existing (and successful) agricultural information system was updated, streamlined, and extended via mobile phones.  The upshot has been greater convenience at lower cost to farmers in the cooperative. While we’re waiting for the papers to go live, some details on Warana Unwired are available here.

Mpoeleng, D., Anderson, G., Asare, S., Ayalew, Y., Garg, D., Gopolang, B., et al. (2007). Towards a Bilingual SMS Parser for HIV/AIDS Information Retrieval in Botswana.   This poster is an example of the kind of detailed, patient work that, in the long run, helps make mobile systems flexible and powerful, without sacrificing the appearance (to users) of intelligence, awareness, and magic.  Can an SMS database ‘understand’ both English and Setswana?  If it is going to be helpful in Botswana, it had better do so.

Other researchers tackled broader issues of wirelesses and/or mobility (e.g., store and forward, mesh networks interactive radio), or mentioned mobiles as part of a discussion of user centered design. I’ll update these links when the papers go live. I expect we’ll see more mobile-related papers in future conferences.

Apologies for the lengthy absence – it’s been an unusually busy stretch. 

My paper on “The Rules of Beeping” is now available as part of the October 2007 issue of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13(1). 

I’ve had lots of fun this month speaking to the broader community about beeping and missed calls, and I’m grateful to many of you for your interest. A piece from Andrew Havens at Reuters kicked off this round of discussion, which has carried into German, Swiss, and Indonesian venues (at least), plus to the Scientific American Blog. 

I also had a chance to do a podcast interview with Kamla Bhatt on beeping/missed calls this week; part one of the interview is here.  I cover a lot of the same ground in the interview as in as the paper…in case some of you prefer just an occasional ‘um’ or ‘ahh’ mixed in with your communication theory.

It was a pleasure to compare notes with Andrew Heavens at Reuters about beeping and missed calls in Africa.  Andrew, based in Khartoum, has just completed an article: Phone credit low? Africans go for “beeping”  

I had not heard the Ethiopian term for the practice  – “Miskin” (Pitiful) — until now.  It’s perfect. Also good to hear  another datapoint on the proportion of calls on the network which are beeps/missed calls: 

“We have about 355 million calls across the whole network every day,” said Faisal Ijaz Khan, chief marketing officer for the Sudanese arm of Kuwaiti mobile phone operator Zain (formerly MTC). “And then there are another 130 million missed calls every day. There are a lot of missed calls in Africa.”

I’m sure it varies from network to network, but this instance of 25% of the total dialed calls per day is in line with other estimates I’ve found.

The article mentions an upcoming paper in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication.   It is not live yet, but tThe paper is a significantly revised version of my ICA paper from a couple of years ago.   I’ll keep the ICA paper on this site until the JCMC paper is available.